I Am O Positive and My Baby Is B Positive
Blood blazon is used to describe the proteins, or the absence of proteins, on claret cells, and although it may seem completely unrelated, blood type tin can actually exist a take chances factor for cerebral palsy in certain scenarios.
When a mother and her developing fetus have incompatible blood types, it can lead to disease in the baby, and potentially to severe jaundice that may cause the brain damage that can and then cause cerebral palsy.
It is easy to check for blood types in the mother and baby later on nascency and for the possibility of Rh incompatibility during pregnancy. Preventative treatments can reduce the run a risk of an incompatibility harming the fetus or newborn. I
Blood Typing
Blood type describes the characteristics of claret cells in a particular person. More specifically, the blazon describes the kinds of proteins, or lack of proteins, that a person has on their red blood cells. Claret is typed as ABO, merely also by Rh factor. ABO blood types may exist A, B, AB, or O. [one]
At that place are 2 proteins, which are known as antigens, represented by A and B. Someone with type A claret has A antigens on their red claret cells. B refers to B antigens, AB means the blood cells have both types of antigens, and O means that there are no antigens on the blood cells.
Rh blood type is positive or negative, written as Rh+ or Rh-. Positive ways that a person's blood has the Rh protein and negative ways that the protein is absent-minded. When ABO and Rh and described together, there are eight dissimilar claret types: A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, and O-. In other words, everyone has one of each blazon, from ABO and Rh.
Your blood type comes from your parents. Y'all get one gene from your mother and one from your father for ABO and Rh and that combination determines your blood type. While in that location are four options for ABO, there are just two for Rh and positive is dominant.
If y'all get a positive Rh gene from one parent and negative from another, your body volition produce the Rh protein and you are considered Rh+. Most people are Rh+.
Rh Incompatibility
Rh incompatibility occurs during pregnancy if the female parent is Rh- and the baby is Rh+. [ii] This is problematic because the mother's torso does not recognize the Rh protein and will treat it as a foreign substance. This occurs because the blood typing proteins are antigens, which concenter immune organization antibodies.
If at that place is a foreign antigen in the bloodstream, the allowed system will create antibodies that attach to the antigens and point an attack on them.
A mother'southward antibodies circulate in the fetus to assist it survive while the immune system develops, merely when at that place is a claret type incompatibility, those antibodies may get on the attack. The fetus's blood cells may also circulate into the mother, besides prompting an attack.
This is not a very common problem since most people are Rh+. However, in virtually 13 percent of female partnerships, in that location is a take chances that a pregnancy could consequence in an Rh incompatibility. These are partnerships in which the mother is Rh- and the father is either Rh+ or his Rh condition is unknown.
Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus can cause a status known equally hemolytic affliction of the newborn. Rh disease is estimated to occur in 2 out of every 100,000 births in the U.S.
ABO Compatibility
A mother and child may too have an ABO claret type incompatibility, which can also crusade hemolytic illness of the newborn. [3] Yet, this incompatibility usually has less serious consequences. It occurs when the mother is type O and the baby is A, B, or AB.
Every bit with Rh incompatibility, this ways that the mother'south immune system does not recognize the A or B antigens and will see them every bit foreign substances that trigger an allowed response and an attack.
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Hemolytic disease of the newborn, or HDN, is characterized by the destruction of a fetus's or a newborn'south ruddy blood cells. Rh incompatibility can cause very serious HDN, while ABO incompatibility is usually much less severe. [4]
When triggered by Rh proteins, this disease can be life-threatening for the baby.
The well-nigh mutual symptom of HDN in a newborn is jaundice in the first 24 hours of life. Jaundice can exist severe, specially when caused by Rh incompatibility, and may crusade a specific type of brain damage that tin can atomic number 82 to cerebral palsy.
Jaundice, Kernicterus, and Cerebral Palsy
Blood incompatibility betwixt a female parent and babe can crusade various complications, including anemia and jaundice. For ABO incompatibility, the effects are ordinarily mild and go away with time, only with Rh incompatibility, the consequences can be very serious.
A baby can be born with astringent jaundice, characterized by a buildup of a substance called bilirubin. This buildup is what causes the feature yellowing of the skin and whites of the optics.
Bilirubin is the product of the breakup of ruddy blood cells. Commonly, the liver processes bilirubin and sends it into the intestines. In a baby with HDN, the liver may not be able to go along up, with the result beingness a serious buildup of bilirubin and severe jaundice.
The consequences can be serious and include a type of brain damage called kernicterus.
Kernicterus occurs when bilirubin levels are so loftier that the substance moves into the encephalon. A baby with severe jaundice may start to act lethargic and may be difficult to rouse, both signs of possible encephalon damage.
Other signs include floppy muscles interspersed with stiff muscles and arching of the dorsum and cervix, a loftier-pitched cry, a fever, and seizures. Kernicterus is considered a medical emergency. Light therapy is usually used to treat it.
Blue light penetrates the skin and breaks downward the bilirubin. Depending on how much damage is caused to the brain by jaundice, this condition may cause cerebral palsy.
Preventing and Treating HDN, Jaundice, and Brain Damage
If a claret type incompatibility is found, preventative measures tin can be taken to avert HDN. The mother tin exist given injections of proteins that forbid her allowed system from producing the antibodies that will attack her baby'due south crimson blood cells.
Prevention is always best, just if it is too tardily and the mother has already produced antibodies against her baby, she needs to be monitored regularly to assist keep the baby safe. If the infant is in danger, a doctor tin can exercise a blood transfusion to ensure it has plenty carmine blood cells, although this is rarely needed today with skillful prenatal care.
If the worst happens and a baby is born with severe jaundice, light therapy (phototherapy) is generally used to care for it. [5] Some babies require a special blood transfusion called an exchange transfusion or a transfusion of intravenous allowed globulin.
HDN and the other complications of Rh incompatibility, including cerebral palsy, are highly preventable. With good medical care and screening for blood types, there should exist no reason that a baby is put at take a chance of developing severe jaundice and brain damage.
If your baby has suffered because a blood type incompatibility was non detected and preventative measures were not taken, y'all can rely on a cognitive palsy lawyer to help you fight for justice.
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Folio Medically Reviewed and Edited by Pat Bass, Thou.D.
Source: https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/cerebral-palsy/risk-factors/blood-type-incompatibility/
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